Injury

Injury or bodily injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical. Personal Injury also refers to damage caused to the reputation of another rather than physical harm to the body. A severe and life-threatening injury is referred to as a physical trauma.
Types of injury
Minor abrasion injury.

* Bruise is a hemorrhage under the skin caused by contusion.
* Wound: cuts and grazes are injuries to or through the skin, that cause bleeding (i.e., a laceration).
* Burns are injuries caused by excess heat, chemical exposure, or sometimes cold (frostbite).
* Fractures are injuries to bones.
* Joint dislocation is a displacement of a bone from its normal joint, such as a dislocated shoulder or finger.
* Concussion is mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow, without any penetration into the skull or brain.
* Sprain is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by a sudden over stretching; a strain injures muscles.
* Shock is a serious medical condition where the tissues cannot obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients.
* Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery.
* Serious bodily injury is any injury or injuries to the body that substantially risks death of the victim.

Diamantina River

The Diamantina River is a river in Queensland, Australia. Rising north-west of Longreach,[1] it flows in a south-westerly direction through central Queensland and Channel Country to form the Warburton River,[2] which, in extremely wet years, flows as far as Lake Eyre.[3] The length of the river is approximately 900 km, and the basin is approximately 157,000 km2,[4] of which most (140,000 km2) is used for agriculture.

Most of the basin of the Diamantina is very flat: even the highest points in the northeast do not reach 500 metres (1600 feet) above sea level and Lake Eyre itself is sixteen metres below sea level. Apart from a few streams near Winton (the largest town in the basin) almost all rivers in the basin flow southwestwards towards Birdsville. The major feature of the river's sluggish course is Diamantina National Park about halfway between Winton and Birdsville. Apart from the national park, almost all land in the basin is used for grazing cattle and sheep; though numbers fluctuate greatly and considerable skill is required on the part of graziers.

The climate of the basin is hot and arid. In January, temperatures throughout the basin average around 37°C (98°F) during the day and decline only to about 24°C (75°F) at night. In winter, they typically range from 25°C (77°F) during the day to 11°C (52°F) at night. On occasions, however, frost has been reported in all areas of the basin: Winton has recorded minima as low as -1.8°C (29°F).

Rainfall is heavily concentrated between December and March: averages for these four months range from 310mm (12 inches) at Winton and Kynuna to around 90mm (3.5 inches) at Birdsville. In the rest of the year rainfall is very scanty and only on the rarest occasions are significant falls reported: throughout most of the basin the average rainfall between May and September totals around 40mm (1.5 inches). However, the rainfall of the basin, as with all of the Lake Eyre Basin, is exceedingly erratic and catastropic droughts and floods tend to be the normal state of affairs throughout this region. In the northern part of the basin, annual rainfalls as high as 1,100 millimetres (43 inches) were reported in 1894, 1950, 1974 and 2000, whilst even in Birdsville annual totals as high as 550 millimetres (22 inches) have been reported. In dry years such as 1902, 1905, 1928, 1961, 1965 and 2002, almost the whole basin reported totals under 100mm (4 inches). There can also be significant variation from station to station over small areas: although the annual averages and variability at Winton and Kynuna are almost alike, the actual totals at the two stations can differ by as much as 200mm (8 inches) in some years due to isolated very heavy rainfalls.

The soils in the region are mainly grey and brown Vertisols, with some Fluvents in the drier areas. Although they do not have high phosphate contents, they have adequate levels of most other nutrients: consequently when rainfall is abundant the grasses within the basin are extremely nutritious, especially in the lower reaches of the river around Birdsville, which is a primary region for cattle fattening in years when rainfall further north is adequate to flood the region.

The river was named by William Landsborough in 1866 for Lady Diamantina Bowen (nee Roma), wife of Sir George Ferguson Bowen, the first Governor of Queensland.

Liver Cancer

Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It filters harmful substances from the blood, digests fats from food and stores the sugar that your body uses for energy. Primary liver cancer starts in the liver. Metastatic liver cancer starts somewhere else and spreads to your liver.

Risk factors for primary liver cancer include

* Having hepatitis
* Having cirrhosis, or scarring of liver
* Being male
* Low weight at birth

Symptoms can include a lump or pain on the right side of your abdomen and yellowing of the skin. However, you may not have symptoms and the cancer may not be found until it is advanced. This makes it harder to treat. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or liver transplantation.

Heart Failure

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood throughout the body. Heart failure does not mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. It means that your heart is not able to pump blood the way it should.

The weakening of the heart's pumping ability causes

* Blood and fluid to back up into the lungs
* The buildup of fluid in the feet, ankles and legs - called edema
* Tiredness and shortness of breath

The leading causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and diabetes.

Treatment includes treating the underlying cause of your heart failure, medicines, and heart transplantation if other treatments fail.

Heart failure is a serious condition. About 5 million people in the U.S. have heart failure. It contributes to 300,000 deaths each year.

Reactive Airway Disease (RAD)

Reactive Airway Disease (RAD) is a term proposed by S.M. Brooks and colleagues in 1985 to describe an asthma-like syndrome developing after a single exposure to high levels of an irritating vapor, fume, or smoke. In time, however, it has evolved to be mistakenly used as a synonym for asthma.

Current usage of the term in the medical community is to describe an asthma-like syndrome in infants that may later be confirmed to be asthma when they become old enough to participate in diagnostic tests such as the bronchial challenge test. It can also manifest in adults with exposure to high levels of Chlorine gas, creating symptoms like asthma. The severity of these symptoms can be mild to fatal, and can even create long term airway damage depending on the amount of exposure and the concentration of Chlorine.

Yushō disease

Yushō disease (literally oil disease) was a mass poisoning by PCBs which occurred in northern Kyūshū, Japan in 1968. In January 1968, rice bran oil produced by Kanemi Company in Kyushu started to become contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The contaminated rice bran oil was then sold to poultry farmers for use as a feed supplement and to consumers for use in cooking. In February to March 1968, farmers started reporting that their poultry were dying due to apparent difficulty in breathing; altogether 400,000 birds died.

About 14,000 people who had consumed the contaminated rice oil were affected in Japan. Common symptoms included dermal and ocular lesions, irregular menstrual cycles and a lowered immune response.Other symptoms included fatigue, headache, cough, and unusual skin sores. Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development.

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a disease of the intestine, specifically the large intestine or colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores, in the colon. The main symptom of active disease is usually constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset. Ulcerative colitis is, however, believed to have a systemic etiology that leads to many symptoms outside the intestine.

Because of the name, IBD is often confused with irritable bowel syndrome ("IBS"), a troublesome, but much less serious condition. Ulcerative colitis has similarities to Crohn's disease, another form of IBD. Ulcerative colitis is an intermittent disease, with periods of exacerbated symptoms, and periods that are relatively symptom-free. Although the symptoms of ulcerative colitis can sometimes diminish on their own, the disease usually requires treatment to go into remission.